Keanehan yang ada di dunia.....

Di Lebanon, pria diperbolehkan 'bercinta' dengan binatang, asalkan binatang itu betina. Hukuman mati dikenakan bagi pria yang ketahuan berhubungan dengan binatang jantan.
(duh kok bisa segitunya ya?)

- Di Bahrain, dokter pria sah secara hukum untuk memeriksa alat vital wanita, tetapi dilarang secara langsung melihatnya selama pemeriksaan. Mereka hanya diperbolehkan melihatnya melalui sebuah cermin.
(mana yang kanan dan kiri, bingung nggak dok?)

- Di Guam ada pekerjaan full-time bagi para pria untuk memerawani gadis-gadis, yang membayar mereka untuk melakukan hubungan badan pertama kalinya..
Alasannya: Menurut hukum di Guam, wanita yang masih virgin dilarang menikah.
(ada cowok yang mau migran ke Guam?)

- DiHong Kong, istri yang dikhianati sah secara hukum membunuh suaminya yang selingkuh, tetapi hanya dengan menggunakan tangan kosong. Sedangkan selingkuhannya, boleh dibunuh dengan cara apapun.
(wanita harus pintar kungfu dong..)

- Di Cali, Kolombia, wanita hanya diperbolehkan berhubungan badan dengan suaminya, dan pada malam pertama, sang ibu dari wanita harus berada di dalam kamar untuk menyaksikan adegan tersebut.
(mudah-mudahaan lampunya boleh dimatiin)

- Di Santa Cruz, Bolivia, adalah tindakan melawan hukum jika seorang pria melakukan hubungan sex dengan seorang wanita dan anak perempuannya pada saat bersamaan.
(no comment ahh)

- Manusia dan lumba-lumba adalah sau-satunya spesies di dunia yang menggunakan sex sebagai sumber kesenangan (pleasure)
(mungkin itu sebabnya lumba-lumba selalu tersenyum?)

- Otot yang paling kuat dalam tubuh kita adalah otot LIDAH
(Hummm....nggak nyangka!)

- Kupu-kupu menggunakan kakinya untuk mengecap.
(Ah,lidahnya ada di kaki ya?)

- Otak burung unta lebih kecil dari bola matanya.
(sepertinya ada yang tersinggung...)

- Bintang laut nggak punya otak.
(Lebih parah dari udang ya....)

Strength and science: gender, physiotherapy, and medicine in early-twentieth-century America.

This article explores the development of post-World War I allied medical professions in the United States, and more specifically the rise of physiotherapy as it was used to rehabilitate maimed soldiers. Unlike other female health care professionals of the time, physiotherapists engaged in intra-gender conflicts with white-collar women rather than attempting to gain independence from medical men. Driven to be distinct from other female professionals, physiotherapists created a unique post-Victorian identity, defining their practice as requiring both strength and science, which challenged the convention of seeing women as the weaker, more nurturing sex. Their story, however, is not one of simple triumph. Eager to medicalize and professionalize their field, by 1935 they subordinated themselves to physician supervision, losing what little professional autonomy they had acquired during the 1920s. Yet, by extending their professional sphere of influence over disabled soldiers, these therapists became physical manipulators of the male body and purveyors of knowledge regarding the definition and treatment of disability.

Scholars who study the history of female physicians, social workers, and public health nursing during the 1920s have tended to tell the story of medical professionalism as one in which white-collar men and women held opposing gender-specific views on how expert knowledge should be utilized and disseminated. The most frequently cited example of this divide is the controversy surrounding the 1921 Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act. (1) As scholars usually narrate the story, on one side of the debate were the women who worked for the Children's Bureau and who supported the Act, believing that federal dollars should be allocated to state health centers in order to improve, among other things, the nation's infant mortality rate. On the other side stood the elite male physicians of the American Medical Association (AMA), who roundly condemned the Act as an "imported socialistic scheme," which directly threatened their free market ideology of private practice. Indeed, in 1922, the AMA House of Delegates voted unanimously to denounce the Sheppard-Towner Act, declaring it a form of state medicine. (2)

But this story of stark gender conflict does not capture the entire domain of health care professionalism during the early twentieth century. At the same time that women in the Children's Bureau engaged in ideological and political battles with the AMA for control over the nation's health, a small group of female physiotherapists actually courted the medical profession's favor and cooperation. (3) Only one year after the AMA publicly condemned the Sheppard-Towner Act, women leaders of the American Physiotherapy Association (APA) invited Ray Lyman Wilbur, then president of the AMA, to give the keynote address at the national physiotherapy conference. APA president Dorothea Beck enthusiastically introduced Wilbur to the stage, assuring him that it was the goal of her association to "give the medical profession a band of trained women whose ideals, personality, and technical training are all that the physicians and surgeons of the American Medical Association can wish." (4)

The APA's congenial relationship with Wilbur and the elite men of the AMA complicates the typical historical narrative of professional antagonism between the sexes during the 1920s. Physiotherapy represents a different kind of female professionalism--one that concerned itself more with achieving autonomy from other white-collar women than it did with gaining independence from white-collar men. (5) Other female-dominated health occupations that arose alongside physiotherapy during the war, such as occupational therapy and dietetics, drew support from medical men. (6) But as occupations steeped in the womanly spheres of arts, crafts, and home economics, these other professions also achieved legitimacy through the backing of women's charity networks. By contrast, physiotherapists did not seek support from women's clubs or female associations for professional uplift; rather, physiotherapists legitimized their profession almost solely by association with the medical profession.

To secure the medical profession's support, physiotherapists created a post-Victorian gender identity, making them distinct from traditionally female health care workers. Unlike educated women of the nineteenth century who accepted their lot as the weaker yet more nurturing sex, physiotherapists thought of themselves as strong women who possessed specialized knowledge. Whereas nurses treated patients at the bedside, physiotherapists worked in gyms and performed manual rehabilitative therapy with the goal of reshaping weakened and disabled male bodies, making them stronger and fitter for the theaters of war and industrial work. Physiotherapists believed that their unique combination of brains and brawn gave them authority over the disabled body. To place physiotherapists in the larger context of women's history, then, one must be willing to see physiotherapy as a reaction against Victorian notions of womanhood, creating a discontinuity with the conventional role of female caregivers.

This article traces the development of physiotherapy from its beginnings during the First World War to its establishment as an allied medical field, under the direction of physicians in the early 1930s. Throughout this time period, physiotherapists faced repeated challenges to their professional identity and territory. Because the first generation of practitioners had degrees in physical education, physiotherapists struggled to establish themselves as legitimate health care providers in a field where nursing had long been the accepted occupation of most women medical assistants. Nurses, however, did not pose the only threat. As physiotherapists moved from the circumscribed sphere of well-defined governmental jobs to the unregulated private marketplace, they witnessed an exponential growth of competitors, the most threatening of which was chiropractic. Throughout their travails, physiotherapists looked to organized medical men--who, during the 1920s, had achieved remarkable legal and political control over the health care field--for guidance and professional support. The campaign for a medical alliance reached its peak in 1930, when a battered, yet more mature, physiotherapy profession made its practice entirely reliant on physician prescription, losing what little professional autonomy they had achieved during the 1920s.

see more....!

Body posture evaluations in subjects with internal temporomandibular joint derangement.(PHYSICAL THERAPY).

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to verify possible relationships between global body posture and temporomandibular joint internal derangement (TMJ-id), by comparing 30 subjects presenting typical TMJ-id signs to 20 healthy subjects. Body posture was assessed using the analysis of muscle chains on several photographs. Results show a higher frequency of lifted shoulders (p=0.04) and of changes in the antero-internal hip chain (p=0.02) in the test group, but no further differences were found significant between the control and test groups. The test group was then divided into three subgroups according to the Helkimo index of temporomandibular disorder severity. Again, no significant differences were found between the subgroups. However, there was a trend noticed in the group with the most severe dysfunction, to present a forward head and shoulders posture. Results are discussed in light of previous studies using the same sample.

A temporomandibular system may be conceived of as part of the stomatognathic system, including temporomandibular joints (TMJ), masticatory muscles and associated ligaments, plus the aforementioned neural structures. Its functions are mandible positioning and moving, as well as maintaining its rest posture. Whether of morphologic or functional origin, failure of these musculoskeletal structures bring about diverse clinical conditions which have been generic ally defined as temp oromandibular dysfunctions (TMD).

Though traditionally both physiology and treatment of the stomatognathic system have been conceived of as apart from the system that manages global body posture, there is clinical evidence of mutual interdependence between both. Such interrelations are manifested by morphologic or functional alterations in the stomatognathic system structures, brought about by acute (1-16) or chronic (17,18) changes in body posture or vice-versa. (19-26)

The physiology involved in these interrelations has broadly been explained by biomechanical theories, (8,27,28) i.e., that changes of tissue tension-compression in one region are generated by changes in another--and by neuromuscular-grounded theories, (9,10,12,15) i.e., changes in the electromyographic activity of muscles in one region might be due to position changes in the other.

According to a major physical therapy current, muscle groups responsible for posture maintenance are organized and operate following a pattern known as muscle chains. (29-32) Posture changes in a muscle segment could lead to the elongating or shortening of adjacent muscles, which can interfere in the physiology of the masticatory muscles. Muscle chains are the fundamentals of a body posture rehabilitation technique called global posture reeducation (GPR). (29-34)

In view of the available evidence of functional interrelation between body posture and mandible operation, some authors suggest that changes in body posture may be closely linked to TMD. (35-37)

Several studies have reported a higher frequency of body posture alterations in subjects with TMD when compared to healthy subjects, (38-48) while others found no relationship between body posture and TMD. (49-51)

Similarly, a previous study (52) under the same authorship analyzed the body posture of subjects with TMJ internal derangement using a quantitative analysis of photograph tracings and comparing them to those of a group with healthy temporomandibular system. No significant differences in body posture could be found between the two groups. The same subject sample had their body posture analyzed by means of cervical spine radiography in another study, (48) where a higher frequency of hyperlordosis was found in individuals with TMJ-id than in healthy subjects.

The present study aims at assessing body posture by the analysis of muscle chains in the same sample of individuals with TMJ-id analysed in those previous studies, searching for possible relations between TMD severity and changes in body posture.

see more..!!

AboUt Me

DiAn AmaliAh NaWir,,,,
ThiS mY FulL nAme...
KEnApa Dengan diaN-MinhO....???
SAyA sUkA dengAn LeE mIn hO..Lee miN hO AdalAh SeoRang ArtIs KoRea fAvoriT sAya...
This His PictuRe




أنا أحب لي مين حو



I LovE lEe Min Ho....


내가 사랑하는 분, 호 리







분 리 호 세상을 통해 한국의 인기 작가이다. 리 분 한국 영화 꽃이되기 전에 소년이라는 제목 해본 적이 호. 분 리 호도 좋은 목소리를 가지고 이미 두 개의 노래를하고있다.
자신에게 가서,
내가 누군지 Hasanuddin 대학에서 학습의 과정을 계속했다 여성 마카사르의 도시 사우스 술라웨시 주에 위치해있습니다.3 형제의 자녀가됐다.

나는 나라에서 전문 physiotherapist 될 꿈을 가지고 사람들이 세계 각지, 인도네시아 수도 보여줄 수있습니다.
또한, 부모가 원하는 행복 하늘과 내 주변 사람들을 행복하게 가고 싶어요. 나는 정말 내가 가장 좋아하는 작가 볼 수 리 분과 같은 호입니다. 난 정말 내가 리 분 호 만날 수달라고.


모두 감사드립니다 ....
난 다시 당신을 볼 .....

Physio Therapy

Physio Therapy: What is Physio Therapy ?

Physio Therapy atau dalam bahasa inggrisnya fisioterapi,
adalah sebuah terapi fisik. Sebuah profesi kesehatan yang
akan memberikan perawatan kepada individu untuk
mengembangkan, memelihara dan memulihkan gerak dan
fungsi maksimal sepanjang hidup. Fisioterapi membantu orang
dari segala usia yang mempunyai masalah fisik yang disebabkan
oleh penyakit dan kecelakaan atau penuaan. Terapi fisik ini berkaitan
dengan mengidentifikasikan dan memaksimalkan kualitas hidup dan
potensi gerakan dalam lingkup promosi, pencegahan, pengobatan/
intervensi, habilitas dan rehabilitas.

Fisioterapi,kadang-kadang disebut sebagaai physio, membantu orang untuk meningkatkan berbagai gerakan dalam rangka untuk meningkatkan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan. Hal ini dapat membantu orang untuk hidup mandiri. Secara khusus, fisioterapi berkonsentrasi pada masalah yang berdampak pada otot, tulang, jantung, sirkulasi dan paru-paru. Fisioterapi melibatkan berbagai perawatan, termasuk manipulasi, pijat, olahragaa, elektroterapi dan hidroterapi.